Uma kuqhathaniswa namakamelo okubandayo okudla avamile, amakamelo okubandayo amakhemikhali kumele ahlangabezane nezidingo zobuchwepheshe nezokuphepha eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kokusebenza okunokwethenjelwa kokuqandisa, kumele abhekane nokuvimbela ukuqhuma, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukulawulwa kokuvuza, kanye nezindinganiso eziqinile zokuvikela imvelo. Njengoba izimboni ezihlanganisiwe ziqhubeka nokukhula, amakamelo okubandayo amakhemikhali abe yingqalasizinda ebalulekile yamakhemikhali amahle, izinto ezintsha zamandla, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemithi okuphakathi.
Umklamo Wokuhlela Okuyinkimbinkimbi Emakamelweni Abandayo Amakhemikhali
Amakamelo okubanda amakhemikhali adinga ukuhlelwa kwezindawo okuyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yokwehlukahluka kwezinto ezigciniwe. Amakhemikhali ahlukene adinga amazinga okushisa ahlukene, izimo zokugcina, kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nalezi zidingo, amakamelo amakhulu okubanda amakhemikhali avame ukufaka okungenani izindawo ezimbili zokushisa ezizimele.
Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezingaguquki njenge-resins, ama-pellet epulasitiki, kanye nama-emulsion ngokuvamile zihlala zizinzile emazingeni okushisa aphakathi nendawo. Lezi zinto zivame ukugcinwa ezindaweni ezigcinwe phakathi kuka-0°C no-15°C. Leli banga lokushisa ligcina izakhiwo zezinto ngenkathi linciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla.
Indawo yesibili yokushisa isebenza phakathi kuka--18°C no-0°C. Le ndawo igcina kakhulu izinyibilikisi ezivuthayo ezinama-flash points angaphansi kuka-60°C, kanye nama-organic peroxide. Ukulawula izinga lokushisa okufanele kunciphisa ingcindezi yomhwamuko futhi kunciphisa izingozi zokusha. Ukuhlukaniswa ngokucophelela kwezinye izindawo kuthuthukisa ukuphepha.
Izinto ezibiza kakhulu njenge-electrolytes, usawoti we-lithium, kanye nemithi esezingeni eliphezulu ngokuvamile zidinga ukubanda kakhulu. Le mikhiqizo igcinwa ezindaweni ezinokushisa okuphansi kusukela ku--30°C kuya ku--18°C. Izinga lokushisa eliphansi elizinzile livimbela ukubola kwamakhemikhali futhi landise isikhathi sokuphila kweshelufu. Izindawo ezinjalo zivame ukufaka izinhlelo zokuqapha ezithuthukisiwe ngenxa yenani eliphezulu lezimpahla ezigciniwe.
Izidingo Zokusebenza Eziqinile Zokuqandisa
Amakamelo okubanda amakhemikhali adinga kakhulu ukuzinza kwesistimu yokuqandisa. Imikhiqizo efana nezinto eziphilayo kanye nemithi esetshenziswa ekwelapheni ibekezelela ukuguquguquka kwezinga lokushisa okulinganiselwe kakhulu. Ngisho nokuphambuka okuncane kungabangela ukulahlekelwa kwekhwalithi okungenakuguqulwa.
Ukuze kuxazululwe le nselele, amakamelo okubanda amakhemikhali ngokuvamile asebenzisa izinhlelo zokuqandisa ezinamasekethe amabili. Isekethe ngayinye isebenza ngokuzimela futhi inikeza ukuphindaphinda. Lezi zinhlelo zigcina ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa ngaphakathi kuka-±0.5°C ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile.
Ngisho noma kwenzeka ukuphazamiseka kwamandla okungalindelekile, uhlelo lungalawula ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa ngaphakathi kuka-2°C okungenani amahora amabili. Leli khono linikeza isikhathi esibalulekile sokuphendula ezimweni eziphuthumayo futhi livikela izinto ezibucayi ekuwohlokeni ngokushesha.
Izindinganiso Zokuphepha Ezithuthukisiwe Zokuvikela Ukuqhuma Kwegumbi Elibandayo Lamakhemikhali
Izinto okufanele zicatshangelwe ngokuphepha zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwegumbi lokubanda ngamakhemikhali. Amagumbi okubanda ngamakhemikhali angaqhumi adinga ukukhethwa okuqinile kwezinto zokwakha kanye nezixazululo zesakhiwo. Izinhlelo zodonga zivame ukusebenzisa amaphaneli esandwich e-polyurethane anobukhulu obuncane obungu-120 mm. Lawa maphaneli afinyelela isilinganiso somlilo se-B1 futhi ahlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha ezidingakalayo.
Amaphaneli aphinde ahlinzeke ngokuvikela ukushisa okuqinile. Ukuqhuba kwawo ukushisa akudluli ku-0.18 W/(m²·K). Le nhlanganisela yokuvikela ukushisa kanye nokumelana nomlilo ithuthukisa kokubili ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kanye nokusebenza kokuphepha.
Izakhiwo zophahla zivame ukusebenzisa amaphaneli ensimbi anombala olula, aqinile futhi anombala. Ezimweni eziphuthumayo, lawa maphahla ahlinzeka ngendawo yokukhulula ingcindezi yokuqhuma engaphezu kuka-0.05 m² nge-cubic meter. Ukuqhekeka okusheshayo kuvumela ingcindezi yangaphakathi ukuthi ikhululeke ngokushesha, okunciphisa umonakalo wesakhiwo futhi kunciphisa izingozi zesibili.
Ukuphepha Kukagesi kanye Nezinyathelo Zokulwa Nokuqina
Amakamelo okubanda amakhemikhali athembele kakhulu ezinhlelweni zikagesi ezingaqhumi. Izibani, amafeni omoya, namabhokisi okuxhumanisa kumele konke kuhlangabezane nezimfuneko zesitifiketi se-ATEX. Lezi zingxenye zinciphisa izingozi zokusha ezindaweni ezivuthayo.
Abaklami bahambisa izintambo zikagesi ngemifudlana yensimbi efihliwe ukuze bavimbele ukunqwabelana kukagesi ongaguquki. Ukumelana nokufakwa komhlabathi kuhlala kungaphansi kwama-Ω angu-4. Ukufakwa komhlabathi okuphumelelayo kunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokukhishwa kukagesi ongaguquki ngesikhathi sokusebenza.
Izinhlelo Ezikhethekile Zephansi Nokumelana Nokugqwala
Uhlelo lwephansi lwegumbi elibandayo lamakhemikhali nalo ludinga ubunjiniyela obukhethekile. Izitezi kumele zimelane nokugqwala, zivimbele ukushelela, futhi zivimbele ukuvuza koketshezi. Abafaki bavame ukufaka ungqimba lwepulasitiki oluqinisiwe lwe-vinyl ester fiberglass olune-conductive ester enobukhulu obungu-4 mm okungenani.
Lolu hlelo lwephansi lufinyelela ukumelana komhlaba phakathi kuka-10⁶ no-10⁹ Ω. Lusebenza ngokuthembeka emazingeni okushisa afinyelela ku--30°C. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lumelana nokugqwala kwe-asidi kanye ne-alkali okuvamile ezindaweni zamakhemikhali. Lezi zakhiwo zisekela ukusebenza okuphephile kwesikhathi eside.
Izinhlelo Zokwelapha Ezikhethekile Zokuqandisa, Umoya, kanye Negesi
Ukuze kuphephe futhi kuthembeke, amakamelo okubanda amakhemikhali avame ukusebenza ngezinhlelo ezimbili zokuqandisa ezizimele. Uma uhlelo olulodwa luhlangabezana nephutha, uhlelo lwesibili luyaqhubeka nokusebenza. Onjiniyela bakhetha ama-evaporator angagqwali anezimbobo zethusi kanye nama-fin e-aluminium. Ama-refrigerant avame ukufaka izinketho ezihambisana nemvelo njenge-R507A noma i-R449A.
Umoya opholile nawo udlala indima ebalulekile. Amakamelo abandayo amakhemikhali afinyelela okungenani izinguquko zomoya eziyisithupha ngehora. Abaklami babeka izindawo zokukhipha umoya okungenani amamitha angu-1.5 ngaphezu kophahla. Izikhungo zifaka amafeni angaqhumi kanye nezitholi zokuhlushwa kwegesi kuyo yonke indawo.
Uma ukugcwala kwegesi evuthayo kufinyelela ku-20% womkhawulo ophansi wokuqhuma, izinhlelo zokungenisa umoya ziqala ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ku-40% LEL, amayunithi okuqandisa ayavalwa futhi ama-alamu ayasebenza. Lezi zinyathelo zinciphisa kakhulu izingozi zokuqhuma.
Ngenxa yokuthi izinhlelo zokuqandisa ezisebenzisa ama-electrolyte zingase zikhiphe amagesi e-HF noma e-HCl, amakamelo okubanda amakhemikhali nawo afaka imibhoshongo yokuhlafuna. Izinhlelo zokumunca i-alkaline zelapha amagesi okukhipha ugesi. Ukukhishwa komoya ongcolile kukhishwa kuphela ngemva kokuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zikazwelonke nezesifunda.
Izindleko Zokwakha Nezindleko Zokusebenza
Izidingo zobuchwepheshe ezithuthukisiwe zamakamelo abandayo amakhemikhali angaqhumi zandisa kakhulu izindleko zokwakha. Ucwaningo lwezimboni lubonisa ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali ezindongeni ezingaqhumi, izinhlelo zikagesi eziqinisekisiwe, ophahleni olusiza ekucindezelweni, imishini yokuthola igesi, kanye nezinsiza zikagesi ezimbili kukhulisa izindleko eziphelele okungenani ngo-35% uma kuqhathaniswa namakamelo abandayo avamile.
Izindleko zokusebenza nazo ziyanda ngenxa yezinhlelo zokuqapha eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokuphathwa kwedatha. Izikhungo zifaka izinzwa zokushisa kanye nomswakama endaweni engaphansi kweyunithi eyodwa ku-50 m². Izinhlelo zokuqapha zilayisha idatha kumaseva amafu ngesikhathi sangempela futhi zigcina amarekhodi iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu.
Uma amapharamitha abalulekile edlula imikhawulo, uhlelo lukhipha ama-alamu zingakapheli imizuzu emibili bese luvula izinhlelo zokufafaza. Amabhizinisi kumele futhi enze ukulungiswa njalo futhi athumele amarekhodi okusebenza kwiziphathimandla ezilawulayo. Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza okwenziwa njalo ngaphansi kwezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke kuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwesikhathi eside ekugcinweni nasekukhiqizweni kwamakhemikhali.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Jan-06-2026