Isakhiwo Sensimbi Esicacile: Izinselele Nezixazululo

Ibanga elicacileisakhiwo sensimbiihlinzeka ngento izakhiwo ezisekelwe yizinsika ezingenakukwazi ukuyenza — indawo yangaphakathi engenazithiyo ngokuphelele endaweni egcwele phansi. Ezindaweni zokugcina impahla, izindawo zokuthutha, ama-hangar ezindiza, amahholo ezemidlalo, kanye namaphrojekthi amakhulu okugcina izinto ezibandayo, leyo ndawo engenazithiyo akuyona into yokunethezeka. Kuyimfuneko yokusebenza. Kodwa-ke, ukuyifinyelela ngokuthembekile phakathi kwamamitha angu-30 noma ngaphezulu kuletha izinselele zesakhiwo ezingahlangabezani nomklamo wesakhiwo ojwayelekile. Ukuqonda lezo zinselele ngaphambi kokuqala kokuthengwa yikho okuhlukanisa amaphrojekthi aletha inhloso yawo yokuklama kulawo abeka engcupheni inqubo ephakathi.

Yini Eyenza Umklamo Wesikhala Esikhulu Ube Yinselele Ngempela

I-physics yesakhiwo se-aisakhiwo sensimbi esicacileIshintsha kakhulu njengoba ubude besikhathi bukhula. Kumamitha angu-20, uhlaka lwesango olujwayelekile lusebenza ngokwethembeka ngaphansi kwezimo eziningi zomthwalo. Ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-30, izikhathi zokugoba ekuxhumekeni kwe-rafter-to-column kanye nase-rafter apex ziyanda ngesivinini esidinga usayizi wamalungu ocophelelayo, ubunjiniyela bokuxhumana, kanye nokulawula ukuphambuka — konke okudingeka kubalwe ngqo nge-geometry yesakhiwo, iphrofayili yomthwalo, kanye nezimo zesiza.

Ukuphambuka kuyinselele yokuqala emangaza amaqembu ephrojekthi. Ugodo oluthatha amamitha angu-40 luphambuka ngokulinganisela ngaphansi komthwalo walo ofile, ingasaphathwa eyomthwalo weqhwa, imishini efakwe ophahleni, noma imithwalo yokufinyelela ekulungiseni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokho kuphambuka kuthinta iphaneli kanye nohlelo lokumboza oluxhunywe kulo - ikakhulukazi emininingwaneni ye-ridge kanye ne-eve lapho ukunyakaza kugxila khona. Isakhiwo sensimbi esicacile esakhiwe ngaphandle kwemingcele yokuphambuka ecacile echazwe ku-brief sivame ukukhiqiza izinkinga zokusebenza kokumboza ezivunyelwe imidwebo yesakhiwo kodwa ithimba lephrojekthi alizange lizilindele.

Ukuphakama komoya ezindaweni ezinkulu kudala inselele yesibili yobunjiniyela. Indawo yophahla evezwe amandla okuphakama iyanda ngokulinganayo nobubanzi, okusho ukuthi uhlelo lokulungisa olubamba amaphaneli ophahla kuma-purlin luthwala imithwalo ephezulu kakhulu kunohlelo olufanayo esakhiweni esincane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingcindezi yangaphakathi - ekhiqizwa lapho umoya ungena ngeminyango evulekile noma ngezimbobo zomoya - yenezela ngqo ekuphakameni kwangaphandle futhi kumele ifakwe enhlanganiselani yomthwalo womklamo.

Umklamo wokuxhuma phezulu kanye nezinsika udinga ukunakwa okukhethekile. Lawa amaphuzu okucindezeleka okuphezulu kakhulu ohlakeni lwesakhiwo sensimbi olucacile. Ukuxhumeka okwenziwe ngokweqile kwengeza izindleko zokukhiqiza ezingadingekile. Okungakhiwe kahle yizindawo zokwehluleka ezivela ngesikhathi sokuqala komoya noma iqhwa. Ukuthola le mininingwane kahle kudinga ukubalwa komthwalo okulungiselelwe ngqo isakhiwo - hhayi ukuxhumeka okulinganiswe kusuka kuphrojekthi encane.

Izixazululo Ezisebenzayo Ezisebenza Kumaphrojekthi Angempela

Indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuklama isakhiwo esikhulu iqala nge-geometry yohlaka olufanele. Amalungu athambile — lapho ukujula kwesigaba kushintshashintsha khona ngobude bomqamelo ngokulingana nomdwebo wesikhathi sokugoba — aletha ukusebenza kahle kwezinto ezingasetshenziswa amalungu e-prismatic kuma-span amade. Ngenxa yalokho, isakhiwo sensimbi esicacile esinohlaka oluthambile esiklanywe kahle ngokuvamile sisebenzisa i-tonnage encane yensimbi kunenye indlela ye-prismatic echazwe ngendlela ehlelekile ngenkathi ihlangabezana nezidingo zokusebenza kwesakhiwo ezifanayo.

Izinsimbi zokubopha eziphakathi kanye nezinsimbi zokubopha amadolo ezibekwe ezindaweni ezibalwe eceleni komqamelo kunganciphisa ububanzi obusebenzayo futhi kulawule ukuphambuka ngaphandle kokufaka izinsika ezisezingeni eliphansi eziqeda injongo yomklamo wobubanzi obucacile. Lezi zinto zengeza ubunzima bokwenziwa okuncane kodwa zithuthukisa ngokunenjongo ukusebenza kwesakhiwo futhi zinciphise isisindo sensimbi esiphelele kuma-span angaphezu kwamamitha angu-35.

Izinhlelo zokubopha ezikhaleni zokugcina kanye nobude besakhiwo ziqinisa uhlaka ngokumelene nemithwalo yomoya ende futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi ukumiswa kungaqhubeka ngokuphephile ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe uhlelo lokubopha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwepuleti lesisekelo elifanele kanye nomklamo webholithi le-anchor — osayizi wokucindezela kanye nokuphakamisa ngaphansi komthwalo womoya — kuvimbela ukwehluleka kokuxhumeka kwesisekelo okwenzeka lapho ama-scope omphakathi nawesakhiwo engaxhunywanga kahle.

Okokugcina, ukucacisa isakhiwo sensimbi esicacile esinobubanzi obucacile ngokwezinga lesakhiwo eliqashelwayo — i-Eurocode 3, i-AISC 360, noma i-GB50017 kuye ngokuthi imakethe yendawo iya kuphi — kuqinisekisa ukuthi izicelo zokusayinwa kobunjiniyela bendawo kanye nezicelo zemvume yokwakha ziyaqhubeka ngaphandle kokubambezeleka okuhlangana nakho njalo imiklamo engeyona ejwayelekile.

Uma iphrojekthi yakho idinga isakhiwo sensimbi esicacile esingaphezu kwamamitha angu-30 futhi ukwakheka kwesakhiwo kungazange kubhekane ngokucacile nemikhawulo yokuphambuka, ubunjiniyela bokuxhumana, kanye nokuphakama komoya endaweni yokubopha, lezo zikhala zifanele ukuxazululwa ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukwenziwa.