Ukukhetha ikhwalithi ephezuluizingxenye zesakhiwo sensimbiinquma ukuphepha, impilo yesevisi, kanye nezindleko zephrojekthi iyonke. Onjiniyela kumele bahlole izinga lezinto ezibonakalayo, ukunemba kwesigaba, ikhwalithi yokwenziwa, kanye nezinhlelo zokuvikela. Into ngayinye ithonya umthamo womthwalo, ukumelana nokukhathala, kanye nezidingo zokulungisa.
Ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi emhlabeni wonke ekwakheni kudlula amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.8 ngonyaka, ngokusho kwedatha ye-World Steel Association. Ukwehluleka kwensimbi yesakhiwo kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokukhethwa kabi kwezingxenye kunokuba kube amaphutha okuklama. Ukukhethwa kabi kwezingxenye kuvame ukwandisa izindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwama-20. Ukukhetha okuhle kunciphisa ubungozi besakhiwo futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokwakha.
Izinga lezinto zokwakha zensimbi
Ibanga lezinto zokwakha lakha isisekelo sekhwalithi yezingxenye. Amazwe nezifunda ezahlukene zinezindinganiso ezahlukene zezinga lensimbi. Isibonelo, i-Q235 ne-Q355 zivame ukusetshenziswa ensimbini yesakhiwo eShayina. E-United States, i-ASTM A36 ne-ASTM A572 Grade 50 zivame ukusetshenziswa. Izingxenye ze-EN S355 zivamile emakethe yaseYurophu.
Ngokuthuthuka kokuhlanganiswa kwebhizinisi emhlabeni wonke, kuzoba nokuthengwa okwengeziwe kwamanye amazwe. Ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yezindinganiso ezahlukene zomkhiqizo kanye nezinga lezinto zokusetshenziswa. Abahlinzeki kudingeka banikeze izitifiketi zezinto ezigunyaziwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla okukhiqiza, amandla okudonsa kanye nokwandiswa kwemikhiqizo yabo kuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zomthengi. Amandla okukhiqiza ensimbi ye-Q235 angaphansi kwe-235Mpa, kanti insimbi ye-Q355 ifana ne-EN S355, ifinyelela ku-355MPa. Amandla okukhiqiza e-ASTM A36 angaphansi kwe-250Mpa, kanti i-ASTM A572 Grade 50de icishe ibe yi-345Mpa.
Usayizi wesigaba esiphambene kanye nokunemba kwejometri kwezingxenye zesakhiwo sensimbi
Usayizi wesigaba esiphambeneyo yipharamitha eyinhloko enquma umthamo wokuthwala, amandla okudonsa kanye nokuqina kwengxenye.Insimbi enomumo ongu-Hnjengesibonelo, uma ukuphakama kungaphansi kuka-400mm, ukuphambuka okuvunyelwe kobubanzi be-flange ngokuvamile kulawulwa ngaphakathi kuka-±2mm, futhi ukuphambuka kobukhulu bewebhu akufanele kudlule u-±0.5mm. Ukuqondile kwengxenye nakho kubalulekile, futhi ukuphambuka ngokuvamile akudluli ku-1/1000 wobude bengxenye. Isibonelo, ngomsebe ongamamitha ayi-12 ubude, ukuphambuka kokugoba kufanele kube ngaphansi kuka-12mm.
Ukunemba kwejometri kwezingxenye kuzothinta ukusebenza kahle kokuthwala kanye nobunzima bokufaka izingxenye. Izakhiwo zesakhiwo sensimbi zinezidingo eziphakeme kakhulu zokunemba kokufakwa ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa. Iphutha lokunemba kwengxenye ngobukhulu noma emgodini wokufaka lizobangela ukuthi ingxenye yehluleke ukufakwa kahle njengoba kuklanyelwe. Lokhu akudingi nje kuphela iqembu lokwakha ukuthi lenze ukuguqulwa kwezingxenye endaweni, kwandise isikhathi sephrojekthi kanye nezindleko, kodwa futhi kuqoqa izingozi futhi kwandise izingozi zokuphepha zesakhiwo.
Kudingeka ukhethe umhlinzeki omkhulu. Ngoba abahlinzeki abakhulu nabasezingeni eliphezulu ngokuvamile banemishini yokuhlola i-ultrasonic, imishini yokusika nge-laser, imishini yokubhoboza i-3D CNC neminye imishini. Le mishini inganciphisa iphutha lokunemba kwezingxenye ekushiseni nasekusebenzeni. Iphutha losayizi wokusika lingalawulwa ngaphakathi kuka-±1mm, futhi iphutha lesikhundla sokubhoboza alidluli ku-±0.5mm. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abahlinzeki abakhulu ngokuvamile baneqembu labaklami abanolwazi, abangagwema izingozi nezinkinga eziningi kusenesikhathi.
Ukwelashwa kokulwa nokugqwala kwezingxenye zesakhiwo sensimbi
Ngenxa yokugqwala okulula kwemikhiqizo yensimbi, ukwelashwa kokulwa nokugqwala kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokulinganisa impilo yesevisi kanye nekhwalithi yezingxenye zesakhiwo sensimbi. Ngokuvamile, ukwelashwa kokulwa nokugqwala kwezingxenye zesakhiwo sensimbi kuhlukaniswe izixhumanisi ezintathu, okungukuthi ukugqoka okulwa nokugqwala, ukuqhuma kwesibhamu nokususwa kokugqwala, kanye nokugqoka okulwa nokugqwala.
I-hot-dip galvanized iyindlela evamile yokuvikela insimbi. Ubukhulu besendlalelo se-zinc ngokuvamile bungu-65 kuya ku-85µm, okunganikeza isivikelo iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 endaweni egqwala ngokulinganayo. Lesi sixhumanisi sivame ukuhlinzekwa ngqo ngumkhiqizi wezinto zokusetshenziswa zensimbi. Ngemva kokuba ukukhiqizwa sekuqediwe, umenzi udinga ukuqhuma izingxenye. Ngomthelela oqhubekayo wokuqhuma kwesibhamu okujikelezayo ngesivinini esikhulu, ukungcola nokugqwala ebusweni bezingxenye kuyasuswa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le nqubo izokwandisa ubulukhuni bobuso bengxenye futhi ithuthukise ukunamathela kwengubo.
Ukufutha ngopende kuyisinyathelo sokugcina ekwelapheni izakhiwo zensimbi ezilwa nokugqwala. Abasebenzi bazosebenzisa izembozo ezahlukene ukufutha izingxenye izikhathi eziningi. Izinhlelo zokufutha ezisezingeni eliphezulu zivame ukwakhiwa izendlalelo eziningi ezifana ne-epoxy primer, upende ophakathi kanye ne-polyurethane topcoat, enobukhulu obungu-200µm. Lolu hlelo luqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kobuso bengxenye ngesembozo ngezinga elikhulu, futhi lungaqinisekisa umjikelezo wokulwa nokugqwala weminyaka engu-15-20.
Izingxenye zokuxhuma ezingenakuzinakwa
Izingxenye zokuxhuma zivame ukulawula ukuthembeka kwesakhiwo. Amabholidi, amapuleti, kanye nezikhonkwane kumele zihambisane nezidingo zomthwalo. Amabholidi anamandla aphezulu ngokuvamile alandela amazinga e-ASTM A325 noma e-A490. Amabholidi e-ASTM A325 anikeza amandla okudonsa okungenani angu-830 MPa. Amabholidi e-A490 afinyelela ku-1,040 MPa. Sebenzisa ukuxhumana okubalulekile kokushelela kwemithwalo enamandla. Lokhu kuxhumana kudinga ama-coefficient okungqubuzana komhlaba angaphezu kuka-0.35. Amandla okucindezela amabholidi e-M20 A325 afinyelela cishe ku-172 kN.
Amapuleti okuxhuma kufanele afane noma adlule izinga lensimbi eliyinhloko. Ubukhulu bepuleti buvame ukusuka ku-8 kuya ku-25 mm ezakhiweni zezimboni. Amabhulothi okunamathisela kumele amelane nokucindezeleka kanye nokusikwa. Amabhulothi okunamathisela ebanga le-8.8 anikeza amandla okukhiqiza angu-640 MPa. Ibanga elifanele lomphetho livimbela ukuqhekeka kwekhonkrithi. Ibanga elincane lomphetho kufanele lilingane okungenani nobubanzi bamabhulothi amane. Ukukhetha okunembile kwezingxenye ekuxhumeni kunciphisa ingozi yokuhluleka kwamalunga ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-40 ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Jan-04-2026