Izakhiwo zensimbi zidlala indima ebalulekile kumaphrojekthi esimanje ezimboni, ezentengiselwano, kanye nengqalasizinda. Ukukhula kwedolobha okusheshayo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kuyaqhubeka nokugqugquzela isidingo sezinhlelo zokwakha ezisebenza kahle. Izakhiwo zensimbi zinikeza amandla aphezulu, umklamo oguquguqukayo, kanye nemijikelezo yokwakha esheshayo. Ngokusho kwe-World Steel Association, ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi yokwakha emhlabeni wonke kudlula amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.1 ngonyaka.
Izinhlobo Eziyinhloko Zezakhiwo Zensimbi
Isakhiwo sensimbiIzakhiwo zingahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ohlelweni lomthwalo kanye nesimo sendawo. Izakhiwo zohlaka lwesango zihlala ziwuhlobo oluvame kakhulu ezakhiweni zezimboni. Ngokuvamile zifinyelela amamitha angu-18-36 futhi zifinyelela ukuphakama kophahla okungamamitha angu-6-12. Ohlaka lwesango lusebenzisa amakholomu ensimbi anomumo we-H kanye nemishayo, okunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi ngo-10-15% uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo zendabuko zekhonkrithi eziqinisiwe.
Izakhiwo zohlaka lwensimbi ezinezitezi eziningi zikhonza izakhiwo zamahhovisi kanye nezakhiwo zezentengiselwano. Isikhala esijwayelekile samakholomu sisukela kumamitha ayi-6 kuya kwangu-9. Ohlaka lwensimbi lusekela imithwalo yephansi engu-3–5 kN/m² yamahhovisi kanye no-5–7 kN/m² wezakhiwo zokuthengisa. Ukuxhumeka okuqinile kuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwezinhlangothi ngaphansi kwemithwalo yomoya kanye nokuzamazama komhlaba.
Izakhiwo ze-truss zensimbi zifanelana nezindawo ezinkulu ezifana namahholo ombukiso nama-hangar. I-truss spans evamile ifinyelela amamitha angu-60-120. Ukuphakama kwe-truss kuvame ukulingana ne-1/10 kuya ku-1/15 ye-span, okulinganisela ukuqina nokusebenza kahle kwezinto. Izakhiwo zefreyimu yesikhala zithuthukisa ukusatshalaliswa komthwalo futhi zinciphisa isisindo sensimbi ngamaphesenti angama-20.
Izakhiwo zensimbi ezilulazibusa ukwakhiwa kwezindlu kanye nezakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe. Izingxenye zensimbi ezakhiwe ngokubandayo ezinobukhulu obungu-0.8–2.5 mm zinikeza amandla anele. Lezi zinhlelo zihlangabezana nezindinganiso zezimfuneko zokuzamazama komhlaba emhlabeni jikelele.
Izinzuzo Eziyinhloko Zezakhiwo Zensimbi
Izakhiwo zensimbi zinikeza ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kwemishini. Insimbi yesakhiwo ivame ukufeza amandla okukhiqiza angu-235–460 MPa. Amazinga ensimbi anamandla aphezulu njenge-Q355 anciphisa usayizi wamalungu futhi anciphise ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi iyonke ngo-8–12%. Le nzuzo yehlisa ngqo imithwalo yesisekelo kanye nezindleko zokwakha.
Isivinini sokwakha sisalokhu sinenzuzo enkulu. Ukwakhiwa kusengaphambili kwefektri kwenza kube nokusebenza kahle kokuhlanganisa endaweni. Indawo yokusebenzela yensimbi engamamitha-skwele ayi-10,000 ngokuvamile iqeda ukwakhiwa zingakapheli izinsuku ezingama-30-45. Izakhiwo zekhonkrithi zesikali esifanayo zivame ukudinga izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezingama-90. Amashejuli amafushane anciphisa izindleko zabasebenzi ngo-20-30%.
Izakhiwo zensimbi zisebenza kahle ezindaweni zokuzamazama komhlaba. Insimbi inezinga lokunwebeka elingaphezu kuka-20%, okuqinisekisa ukushabalaliswa kwamandla okunamandla. Ngesikhathi sokuzamazama komhlaba, ozimele bensimbi badonsa amandla okuzamazama komhlaba ngokuguqulwa okulawulwayo. Idatha evela ekuzamazameni komhlaba kwaseJapane Tōhoku ngo-2011 ibonise ukuthi izakhiwo zensimbi zathola umonakalo wesakhiwo ongaphansi ngo-40% kunezakhiwo ezakhiwe ngokhuni.
Ukuzinza nakho kusekela ukwamukelwa kwensimbi. Amanani okuvuselelwa kwensimbi yesakhiwo adlula u-90% emhlabeni jikelele. Ukukhiqiza insimbi ephinde yasetshenziswa kusindisa amandla angaba ngu-60% futhi kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO₂ ngamathani angu-1.5 ngethani lensimbi. Izakhiwo zensimbi nazo zivumela ukwanda nokudilizwa okuguquguqukayo, okusekela inani lempahla yesikhathi eside.
Amaphuzu Abalulekile Okuklama Izakhiwo Zensimbi
Ukubalwa komthwalo okunembile kwakha isisekelo somklamo wesakhiwo sensimbi. Abaklami kumele bacabangele umthwalo ofile, umthwalo ophilayo, umthwalo womoya, umthwalo weqhwa, kanye nesenzo sokuzamazama komhlaba. Ema-workshop ezimboni, umthwalo ophilayo wophahla uvame ukuba phakathi kuka-0.3 no-0.5 kN/m². Amanani okucindezela komoya avame ukuwela phakathi kuka-0.3 no-0.8 kN/m² kuye ngokuthi indawo injani.
Ukukhethwa kwesigaba kuthinta ngqo ukuphepha kanye nokonga. Onjiniyela bavame ukulawula ukuphambuka kwemishayo ngaphakathi kwezilinganiso ze-L/250 kanye nezinga lokuncipha kwekholomu ezingaphansi kuka-150. Kumafreyimu esango, izilinganiso zokuqina kwemishayo kuya kwekholomu ngokuvamile zisukela ku-0.6 kuya ku-0.8 ukuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa kwesikhashana okuzinzile.
Ukwakheka koxhumano kudinga ukunakwa okukhethekile. Amabhawodi anamandla aphezulu ebanga 8.8 noma 10.9 alawula amaphrojekthi esimanje. Uxhumano olungasheleli lufinyelela ama-coefficient okungqubuzana angu-0.45–0.55 ngemva kokuphathwa kahle kwendawo. Amajoyinti ahlanganisiwe avame ukusebenzisa ukushisela okuvikelwe yigesi ye-CO₂, okuqinisekisa amandla okushisela angaphezu kuka-90% wamandla ensimbi eyisisekelo.
Umklamo wokuvikela umlilo nawo usabalulekile. Insimbi ilahlekelwa amandla ayo angu-50% cishe ku-550°C. Izembozo ezingashisi ezinobukhulu obungu-2–5 mm zinganikeza izilinganiso zokumelana nomlilo zamahora angu-1.5–3.0. Lesi silinganiso siqinisekisa ukuhambisana nemithetho eminingi yokwakha yezimboni.
Amaphuzu Okukhiqiza Izingxenye kanye Nokulawula Ikhwalithi
Ukusebenza kwesakhiwo sensimbi esezingeni eliphezulu kuncike ekukhiqizweni kwezingxenye okunembile. Amapuleti ensimbi angaphekiwe kumele ahlangabezane nezindinganiso ezifana ne-ASTM A36 noma i-EN S355. Ukulawulwa kokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kuqinisekisa ukuthi okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kuhlala kungaphansi kuka-0.25%, okuthuthukisa ukushibilika.
Ukunemba kokusika kuthinta ngqo ikhwalithi yokuhlanganisa. Imishini yokusika ilangabi le-CNC noma i-plasma ilawula ukubekezelelana kobukhulu ngaphakathi kuka-±1.0 mm. Kumapuleti aminyene angaphezu kuka-20 mm, ama-engeli e-bevel ngokuvamile asukela ku-30° kuya ku-35° ukuqinisekisa ukungena kwe-weld.
Ikhwalithi yokushisela inquma ukuthembeka kwesakhiwo. Abashiseli abaqinisekisiwe balandela izinqubo ze-WPS ngokuqinile. Ukuhlolwa okungonakalisi kuhlanganisa okungenani u-20% wemithungo yokushisela eyinhloko kumaphrojekthi ajwayelekile. Amalunga abalulekile avame ukudinga ukuhlolwa kwe-ultrasonic okungu-100%. Amazinga amukelekayo okukhubazeka kumele ahambisane ne-ISO 5817 Level B.
Ukwelashwa kobuso kuvikela insimbi ekugqwaleni. Ukuqhuma kwesibhamu kufinyelela ezingeni le-Sa2.5, okususa okungcolisa ubuso okungaphezu kuka-95%. Izinhlelo zokumboza ezilwa nokugqwala zivame ukufeza ubukhulu befilimu eyomile obungu-120–200 μm. Lokhu kwelashwa kuqinisekisa ukuthi impilo yesevisi idlula iminyaka engama-25 ezindaweni ezijwayelekile zezimboni.
Izakhiwo zesakhiwo sensimbi zihlanganisa amandla, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokusimama zibe yisisombululo esisodwa sokwakha esithuthukisiwe. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zesakhiwo zihlangabezana nezidingo zephrojekthi ezahlukahlukene. Umklamo wesayensi kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezingxenye okuqinile kuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokuqina. Njengoba amazinga okusebenzisa kabusha angaphezu kuka-90% kanye nemijikelezo yokwakha esheshayo, izakhiwo zensimbi zizoqhubeka nokubusa intuthuko yesakhiwo sesimanje emhlabeni jikelele.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Jan-12-2026